Free Access
Issue
Reprod. Nutr. Dev.
Volume 42, Number 1, January-February 2002
Page(s) 1 - 13
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/rnd:2002001

References

  1. Aikman P.C., Reynolds C.K., Lupoli B., Humphries D.J., Sutton J.D., France J., Beever D.E., MacRae J.C., Milk protein response to abomasal and mesenteric vein infusions of essential amino acids in dairy cows fed low protein concentrates, J. Anim. Sci. 77 Suppl. 1 (1999) 266.
  2. Arambel M.J., Bamiley E.E., Dufva G.S., Nagaraja T.G., Dayton A.D., Effect of diet on amino and nucleic acids of rumen bacteria and protozoa, J. Dairy Sci. 65 (1982) 2095-2101.
  3. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed., Arlington, VA, 1990.
  4. Bach A., Huntington G.B., Stern M.D., Response of nitrogen metabolism in preparturient dairy cows to methionine supplementation, J. Anim. Sci. 78 (2000) 742-749.
  5. Bequette B.J., Backwell F.R.C., Kyle C.E., Calder A.G., Buchan V., Crompton L.A., France J., MacRae J.C., Vascular source of phenylalanine, tyrosine, lysine, and methionine for casein synthesis in lactating goats, J. Dairy Sci. 82 (1999) 362-377.
  6. Bequette B.J., Hanigan M.D., Calder A.G., Reynolds C.K., Lobley G.E., MacRae J.C., Amino acid exchange by the mammary gland of lactating goats when histidine limits milk production, J. Dairy Sci. 83 (2000) 765-775.
  7. Bergen W.G., Free amino acids in blood of ruminants-physiological and nutritional regulation, J. Anim. Sci. 49 (1979) 1577-1589.
  8. Bergen W.G., Henneman H.A., Magee W.T., Effect of dietary protein level and protein source on plasma and tissue free amino acids in growing sheep, J. Nutr. 103 (1973) 575-585.
  9. Berthiaume R., Dubreuil P., Stevenson M., McBride B.W., Lapierre H., Intestinal disappearance and portal appearance of amino acids in dairy cows fed ruminally protected methionine, J. Dairy Sci. 84 (2001) 194-203.
  10. Black A.L., Anand R.S., Bruss M.L., Brown C.A., Nakagiri J.A., Partitioning of amino acids in lactating cows: oxidation to carbon dioxyde, J. Nutr. 120 (1990) 700-710.
  11. Canadian Council on Animal Care, Guide to care and used of experimental animals, vol. 1, 2nd ed., Bradda Printing Services, Inc., Ottawa, ON, 1993.
  12. Cant J.P., DePeters E.J., Baldwin R.L, Mammary amino acid utilization in dairy cows fed fat and its relationship to milk protein synthesis, J. Dairy Sci. 76 (1993) 762-774.
  13. Cecava M.J., Merchen N.R., Berger L.L., Fahey G.C. Jr., Effects of dietary energy level and protein source on site of digestion and duodenal nitrogen and amino acid flows in steers, J. Anim. Sci. 66 (1988) 961-974.
  14. Chamberlain D.G., Thomas P.C., Ruminal nitrogen metabolism and the passage of amino acids to the duodenum in sheep receiving diets containing hay and concentrates in various proportions, J. Sci. Food Agric. 30 (1979) 677-686.
  15. Crompton L.A., Reynolds C.K., Lomax M.A., Bequette B.J., Backwell F.R.C., Sutton J.D., MacRae J.C., Beever D.E., Effect of duodenal essential amino acid infusions on milk yield and composition in lactating dairy cows, Proc. Nutr. Soc. 56 (1997) 172A.
  16. Czerkawski J.W., Chemical composition of microbial matter in the rumen, J. Sci. Food Agric. 27 (1976) 621-632.
  17. Dinn N.E., Shelford J.A., Fisher L.J., Use of the cornell net carbohydrate and protein system and rumen-protected lysine and methionine to reduce nitrogen excretion from lactating dairy cows, J. Dairy Sci. 81 (1998) 229-237.
  18. Foldager J., Hubert J.T., Bergen W.G., Factors affecting amino acids in blood of dairy cows, J. Dairy Sci. 63 (1980) 396-404.
  19. Fraser D.L., Orskov E.R., Whitelaw F.G., Franklin M.F., Limiting amino acids in dairy cows given casein as the sole source of protein, Livest. Prod. Sci. 28 (1991) 235-252.
  20. Grimble R.F., Whitehead R.G., Changes in the concentration of specific amino acids in the serum of experimentally malnourished pigs, Brit. J. Nutr. 24 (1970) 557-564.
  21. Guinard J., Rulquin H., Effect of graded levels of duodenal infusions of casein on mammary uptake in lactating cows. 2. individual amino acids, J. Dairy Sci. 77 (1994) 3304-3315.
  22. Guinard J., Rulquin H., Effects of graded amounts of duodenal infusions of methionine on the mammary uptake of major milk precursors in dairy cows, J. Dairy Sci. 78 (1995) 2196-2207.
  23. Huntington G.B., Net absorption of glucose and nitrogenous compounds by lactating Holstein cows, J. Dairy Sci. 67 (1984) 1919-1927.
  24. Jensen R.G., Handbook of milk composition, Academic Press inc., London, UK, 1995.
  25. Korhonen M., Vanhatalo A., Varvikko T., Huhtanen P., Responses to graded postruminal doses of histidine in dairy cows fed grass silage diets, J. Dairy Sci. 83 (2000) 2596-2608.
  26. Kung L., Huber J.T., Bergen W.G., Petitclerc D., Amino acids in plasma and duodenal digesta and plasma growth hormone in cows fed varying amounts of protein of differing degradability, J. Dairy Sci. 67 (1984) 2519-2524.
  27. Lallès J.P., Poncet C., Toullec R., Composition en acides aminés des bactéries libres et des bactéries fixées aux particules alimentaires du réticulo-rumen du veau sevré et du mouton recevant différentes rations, Ann. Zootech. 41 (1992) 75-76
  28. Lapierre H., Farmer C., Girard C., Brazeau P., Effect of age and intake on growth hormone kinetics in dairy heifers, Dom. Anim. Endocrinol. 9 (1992) 199-207.
  29. Lapierre H., Bernier J.F., Dubreuil P., Reynolds C.K., Farmer C., Ouellet D.R., Lobley G.E., The effect of feed intake level on splanchnic metabolism in growing beef steers, J. Anim. Sci. 78 (2000) 1084-1099.
  30. Lobley G.E., Lapierre H., Nitrogen (N): from mouth to milk in: Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference Proceedings, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, 2001, pp. 81-99.
  31. Lobley G.E., Milano G.D., Van Der Walt J.G., The liver: Integrator of nitrogen metabolism, in: Proceedings of the IX International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology, Pretoria, South Africa, 1999.
  32. Mackle T.R., Dwyer D.A., Bauman D.E., Effects of branched-chain amino acids and sodium caseinate on milk protein concentration and yield from dairy cows, J. Dairy Sci. 82 (1999) 161-171.
  33. Mackle T.R., Dwyer D.A., Ingvartsen K.L., Chouinard P.Y., Ross D.A., Bauman D.E., Evaluation of whole blood and plasma in the interorgan supply of free amino acids for the mammary gland of lactating dairy cows, J. Dairy Sci. 83 (2000) 1300-1309.
  34. MacRae J.C., Bequette B.J., Crompton L.A., Synthesis of milk protein and opportunities for nutritional manipulation in: Milk composition, BSAS Occasional Publication No. 25, 2000, pp. 179-199.
  35. Martin C., Bernard L., Michalet-Doreau B., Influence of sampling time and diet on amino acid composition of protozoal and bacterial fractions from bovine ruminal contents, J. Anim. Sci. 74 (1996) 1157-1163.
  36. Mepham T.B., Amino acid utilization by the mammary gland, J. Dairy Sci. 65 (1982) 287-298.
  37. Metcalf J.A., Crompton L.A., Backwell F.R.C., Bequette B.J., Lomax M.A., Sutton J.D., MacRae J.C., Beever D.E., The response of dairy cows to intravascular administration of two mixtures of amino acids, Anim. Sci. 62 (1996) 643-644.
  38. Metcalf J.A., Wray-Cahen D., Chettle E.E., Sutton J.D., Beever D.E., Crompton L.A., MacRae J.C., Bequette B.J., Backwell F.R.C., The effect of increasing levels of dietary crude protein as protected soya on mammary metabolism in lactating dairy cows, J. Dairy Sci. 79 (1996) 603-611.
  39. Metcalf J.A., Wray-Cahen D., Crompton L.A., Lomax M.A., Bequette B.J., MacRae J.C., Backwell F.R.C., Lobley G.E., Sutton J.D., Beever D.E., Responses in milk copstituents to intravascular administration of two mixtures of amino acids in dairy cows, J. Dairy Sci. 79 (1996) 1425-1429.
  40. National Research Council, Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, Version 6th ed., Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC, 1989.
  41. SAS® User's Guide: Statistics, Version 5 Edition, SAS Inst., Inc. Cary, NC, 1985.
  42. Schwab C.G., Satter L.D., Clay A.B., Response of lactating dairy cows to abomasal infusion of amino acids, J. Dairy Sci. 59 (1976) 1254-1270.
  43. Strumia M.M., Sample A.B., Hart E.D., An improved micro hematocrit method, Am. J. Clin. Path. 24 (1954) 1016-1024.
  44. Thivierge M.C., Petitclerc D., Bernier J.F., Couture Y., Lapierre H., External Pudic Venous Reflux into the Mammary Vein in Lactating Dairy Cows, J. Dairy Sci. 83 (2000) 2230-2238.
  45. Thivierge M.C., Petitclerc D., Bernier J.F., Couture Y., Lapierre H., Variations of Mammary Metabolism as the Udder Gradually Fills with Milk during a 12-h period following Milking, J. Dairy Sci. (in press).
  46. Van Soest P.G., Robertson J.B., Analysis of Forages and Fibrous Foods, Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY, 1985.
  47. Wolff J.E., Bergman E.N., Gluconeogenesis from plasma amino acids in fed sheep, Am. J. Physiol. 223 (1972) 455-460.
  48. Wray-Cahen D., Metcalf J.A., Backwell F.R.C., Bequette B.J., Brown D.S., Sutton J.D., Lobley G.E., Hepatic response to increased exogenous supply of plasma amino acids by infusion into the mesenteric vein of Holstein-Friesian cows in late gestation, Br. J. Nutr. 78 (1997) 913-930.
  49. Wright T.C., Moscardini S., Luimis P.H., Susmel P., McBride B.W., Effects of rumen-undegradable protein and feed intake on nitrogen balance and milk protein production in dairy cows,

Abstract

Copyright INRA, EDP Sciences